{"id":58077,"date":"2019-02-13T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-02-12T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/richardvanhooijdonk.com\/blog\/deep-fakes-are-fake-news-on-steroids-and-were-unsure-how-to-fight-them\/"},"modified":"2021-06-07T09:54:19","modified_gmt":"2021-06-07T07:54:19","slug":"deep-fakes-are-fake-news-on-steroids-and-were-unsure-how-to-fight-them","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.richardvanhooijdonk.com\/en\/deep-fakes-are-fake-news-on-steroids-and-were-unsure-how-to-fight-them\/","title":{"rendered":"Deep fakes are fake news on steroids, and we\u2019re unsure how to fight them"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul class=\"bold-list\">\n<li>Social media is fuelling the spread of fake news<\/li>\n<li>The rise of deep fakes<\/li>\n<li>A looming threat to individuals and businesses<\/li>\n<li>Democracy and facts under siege<\/li>\n<li>Solving the problem is harder than we thought<\/li>\n<li>Tech companies are fighting back<\/li>\n<li>Just how far is far enough?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Fake news took the world by storm in the last few years, and it&#8217;s blamed for worsening existing political and social problems, and even creating new ones. The French Secretary of State for Digital Affairs, Mounir Mahjoubi, for instance, recently <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/french-digital-minister-calls-out-yellow-vest-conspiracies\/\">accused<\/a> the Yellow Jackets protest movement of spreading disinformation and fake news. Across the Atlantic, over half of US citizens <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/3251\/fake-news\/\">claim<\/a> to regularly see fake news on social media. And the influence of this phenomenon isn\u2019t dwindling down. In fact, it recently took a turn for the worse, as deep fakes, which are fabricated videos of people saying or doing things they never did or said, have become more sophisticated.<\/p>\n<p>From realistic and yet fake speeches of the US President Donald Trump to made-up sex tapes featuring celebrities like Gal Gadot, we\u2019re witnessing an emergence of a dangerous trend. <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.richardvanhooijdonk.com\/en\/blog\/25-tech-trends-that-will-spearhead-digital-transformation-in-2019-and-beyond\/\">Artificial intelligence<\/a>-powered video and image manipulation is becoming a new weapon used to blackmail individuals, cause mass panic, and even undermine public trust in democracy.<\/p>\n<h2>Social media is fuelling the spread of fake news<\/h2>\n<p>Facebook remains a key platform for distributing fake news, and the top 50 fake stories of 2018 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/craigsilverman\/facebook-fake-news-hits-2018\">generated<\/a> around 22 million total shares, reactions, and comments.<\/p>\n<p>For instance, fake news titled \u201cMichael Jordan Resigns From The Board at Nike-Takes \u2018Air Jordans\u2019 With Him\u201d generated 911,336 engagements. It was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.snopes.com\/fact-check\/jordan-nike-board\/\">published<\/a> shortly after Nike announced that Colin Kaepernick, a former NFL quarterback, would be the face of its new marketing campaign. He\u2019s well-known for his activism and kneeling during the playing of the US national anthem prior to games as a way to protest racial injustice in the country, which prompted the outrage that \u2018gave birth\u2019 to this fake news. Michael Jordan, however, was never even a member of Nike\u2019s board of directors, and hence couldn\u2019t resign from it.<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"Did Michael Jordan resign from the board at Nike and take &quot;Air Jordans\u2019 with him?\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/oBPNvx7pN-s?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>But fake news about athletes doesn\u2019t have as much impact as when high-ranking politicians are involved. In 2016, for instance, <em>BuzzFeed News<\/em> reported that the top-performing fake news story involved former US President Barack Obama, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/craigsilverman\/top-fake-news-of-2016\">claiming<\/a> that he \u201chad banned reciting the Pledge of Allegiance in schools\u201d. This fake news was published on ABCNews.com.co, which is a fake website with a URL made to resemble the \u2018real deal\u2019 \u2013 <em>ABC News<\/em> \u2013 making this article even more potent. In fact, this fake news article generated more than 2.1 million comments, shares, and reactions on Facebook in just two months, and the story had been viewed more than 110,000 times.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_40083\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-40083\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-40083\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.richardvanhooijdonk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2019\/05\/english.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"136\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-40083\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A fake news article claiming that the former US President Barack Obama \u201chad banned reciting the Pledge of Allegiance in schools\u201d was viewed more than 110,000 times in 2016 and generated more than 2.1 million engagements on Facebook in just two months. It was published on a fake website called ABCNews.com.co, made to resemble the real media company, ABC news.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Facebook <a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.fb.com\/news\/2018\/10\/inside-feed-hunt-false-news-october-2018\/\">explains<\/a> that it might miss fake news pieces like these for several reasons. For instance, it can simply fail to identify fake articles (because they often look like any other news article), or identify them only after they\u2019ve already gone viral. And even when fake news is caught early, it might still go viral in the time it takes for fact-checkers to actually prove it\u2019s fabricated. This imperfect system explains why social media in general has become a breeding ground for information warfare.<\/p>\n<p>But with <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.richardvanhooijdonk.com\/en\/blog\/facebooks-horrible-no-good-very-bad-two-years\/\">deep fakes<\/a> looming on the horizon, we\u2019re in for very realistic fabricated content that could, in the future, fool even credible news sources, prompting them to publish it. Compared to fake news, deep fakes could have far more devastating consequences.<\/p>\n<h2>The rise of deep fakes<\/h2>\n<p>Deep fakes first appeared on Reddit in late 2017 in the form of fake porn videos of several female celebrities. This technology was soon made available to the general public, as in January 2018, a desktop app called FakeApp was released. The app allows users to create realistic videos with people\u2019s faces swapped, and it was downloaded more than 100,000 times before Reddit banned it a month later. But this software tool, powered by deep learning algorithms and facial-mapping software, had already spread across the internet and people started to create an ever-growing number of fake videos that were gaining traction online.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_39342\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39342\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-39342\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.richardvanhooijdonk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2019\/05\/Fake-News-2-2.png\" alt=\" An infographic showing the name, month of release, number of downloads, and status of the deep fakes app FakeApp \" width=\"360\" height=\"84\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-39342\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A desktop app called FakeApp was released on Reddit in January 2018, allowing users to create video deep fakes. It was banned a month later, but during that time, it was downloaded more than 100,000 times, spreading across the internet.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Researchers at the University of Warwick <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csoonline.com\/article\/3284507\/cyber-attacks-espionage\/why-we-need-to-be-worried-about-deepfake-videos.html\">conclude<\/a> that false rumours spread more widely online than the truth, and they usually take more than 14 hours to be exposed. With these facts in mind, it\u2019s clear why made-up videos spread so fast.The virality of videos created by FakeApp and other similar tools like Face2Face, which enables the user to create deep fakes in real time and put words in the speaker\u2019s mouth, brings us a step closer to potentially catastrophic scenarios.<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"Steve Buscemi + Jennifer Lawrence MASHUP - Amazing Technology\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/iHv6Q9ychnA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>And we might soon face another trend, as researchers from Heidelberg University in Germany tested deep fakes technology that can manipulate not only someone\u2019s face but even their entire body. The tech is still far from perfect, though, and it can be easily noticed that the videos are altered. But once fully developed, this technology could offer frightening prospects, especially when combined with technologies that enable voice imitation and lip synchronisation. Researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham in the US, for instance, <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.richardvanhooijdonk.com\/en\/blog\/fake-audio-and-video-footage-is-on-the-increase-spreading-lies-one-share-at-a-time-is-this-the-end-of-reality\/\">managed<\/a> to impersonate other people\u2019s voices and even trick biometric authentication systems. A sign of things to come is also the recent highly sophisticated deep fake video, in which the face of Steve Buscemi was superimposed onto Jennifer Lawrence as she was speaking at the Golden Globes.<\/p>\n<h2>A looming threat to individuals and businesses<\/h2>\n<p>Deep fakes can be weaponised against individuals in devastating ways. They can destroy years of hard work, tear families apart, and inflict crippling reputational harm. What\u2019s worse, this is already happening. Rana Ayyub, an investigative journalist in India, was a victim of deep fake porn that was, as she <a href=\"https:\/\/guce.oath.com\/collectConsent?sessionId=3_cc-session_1e34724d-3821-4c4c-80a1-e8b96d459a0d&amp;lang=&amp;inline=false\">explains<\/a>, intended to discredit her \u201cthrough misogyny and character assassination\u201d. Ayyub was harassed online, her privacy was invaded, and she had to close her Facebook account. In the end, only pressure from the United Nations forced the government to intervene and protect her.<\/p>\n<p>Besides political actors, hackers are another group that\u2019s bound to exploit the virality of deep fakes. They could insert malware into video files to gain access to a computer and steal valuable data like credit card details or passwords for online sites. If the computer is part of a company\u2019s network, this could potentially jeopardise the security of the entire firm. Blackmailing executives and large companies, however, is perhaps one of the most financially destructive uses of deep fakes.<\/p>\n<p>Made-up videos of CEOs engaged in compromising activities or saying racist comments might plummet the stock prices of a company overnight, causing major damage. Michelle Drolet, the founder of the data security company Towerwall, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csoonline.com\/article\/3284507\/cyber-attacks-espionage\/why-we-need-to-be-worried-about-deepfake-videos.html\">argues<\/a> that executives blackmailed by deep fakes might see paying up as the less damaging course of action than claiming that the video is fake. And there\u2019s no lack of people that are ready to use blackmail to get what they want. In England and Wales alone, for instance, the police recorded 8,333 blackmail offences in the 2017\/18 period, and this trend just keeps growing.<\/p>\n<h2>Democracy and facts under siege<\/h2>\n<p>All of this, nevertheless, fades in comparison with the unsettling potential of deep fakes to undermine political and governance systems in democratic states. The terrain is already set, as in countries like Turkey and Mexico, more than 40 per cent of people believe they\u2019ve been exposed to fake news, while in Brazil, South Korea, and the US, that number stands at 30 per cent or more.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_39313\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-39313\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-39313\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.richardvanhooijdonk.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2019\/05\/Fake-News.png\" alt=\"A horizontal bar graph showing the percentage of people who have been exposed to fake news in Turkey, Mexico, Brazil, the USA, and South Korea.\" width=\"650\" height=\"611\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-39313\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 40 per cent of people in Turkey and Mexico who participated in the Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2018 survey said that they\u2019ve been exposed to fake news, while more than 30 per cent of people in Brazil, the USA, and South Korea said the same.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>With this in mind, imagine the negative effects of a video that portrays the country\u2019s president taking bribes on the eve of the election. Another terrifying possibility, as law experts Bobby Chesney and Danielle Citron <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawfareblog.com\/deep-fakes-looming-crisis-national-security-democracy-and-privacy\">argue<\/a>, is that a fake video might depict officials announcing an \u201cimpending missile strike on Los Angeles or an emergent pandemic in New York\u201d. To demonstrate what the future might hold, the actor and producer Jordan Peele teamed up with <em>BuzzFeed<\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/tldr\/2018\/4\/17\/17247334\/ai-fake-news-video-barack-obama-jordan-peele-buzzfeed\">created<\/a> a deep fake video of the former US president Barack Obama expressing a profanity-laced opinion on Donald Trump.<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"You Won\u2019t Believe What Obama Says In This Video! \ud83d\ude09\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cQ54GDm1eL0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>Solving the problem is harder than we thought<\/h2>\n<p>Lawmakers in the US seem, at least for now, most rattled by the danger posed by these new technologies, and they\u2019ve sounded an alarm. The U.S. Senator Marco Rubio, for instance, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/powerpost\/paloma\/the-cybersecurity-202\/2018\/09\/06\/the-cybersecurity-202-from-encryption-to-deepfakes-lawmakers-geek-out-during-facebook-and-twitter-hearing\/5b9018e11b326b32de918ac8\/\">called<\/a> deep fakes a national security threat, and members of Congress <a href=\"https:\/\/schiff.house.gov\/imo\/media\/doc\/2018-09%20ODNI%20Deep%20Fakes%20letter.pdf\">sent<\/a> a letter to Daniel Coats, the director of National Intelligence that serves as the head of the US Intelligence Community, asking him to step up the fight against the new threat. Senator Ben Sasse even <a href=\"https:\/\/www.axios.com\/deepfake-laws-fb5de200-1bfe-4aaf-9c93-19c0ba16d744.html\">introduced<\/a> a bill proposing up to ten years of prison for the creators of deep fakes that might disrupt the government or incite violence. What\u2019s more, social media platforms might get punished if they knowingly distribute deep fakes.<\/p>\n<p>But solving this problem is a lot more complicated than writing a new bill. Social media companies might start taking down even genuine content in fear of penalties, while strict laws might criminalise harmless parody videos, curbing free speech. And since many of the potential attackers that could create and distribute deep fakes reside outside the US, they wouldn\u2019t be deterred by strict sanctions. These issues notwithstanding, authorities in both the EU and the US expect Facebook and other social media giants to step up their fight against fake news and deep fakes. Mariya Gabriel, the European Commissioner for digital economy and society, <a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2019-01-eu-urges-internet-firms-fake.html\">says<\/a> that \u201cthe time for fine words is over\u201d and that internet companies must do a better job at fighting fake news and propaganda campaigns.<\/p>\n<h2>Tech companies are fighting back<\/h2>\n<p>However, there are no quick fixes to this problem, and the most likely scenario would be tackling deep fakes through incremental steps. Informing people about untrustworthy sites, like Microsoft\u2019s Edge browser does, is a good start, while the next step might be researching the phenomenon and creating new tools. For instance, Vijay Thaware and Niranjan Agnihotri, researchers at the cybersecurity company Symantec, have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2019\/1\/23\/18194078\/microsoft-newsguard-edge-mobile-partnership\">developed<\/a> deep fakes-spotting software by training AI with 26 deep fakes and accounting for the fact that people in fabricated videos don\u2019t blink often enough. They claim the software is promising, but didn\u2019t disclose the precise success rate, and they note that it works only on videos that are longer than a minute and aren\u2019t fully artificially generated nor highly sophisticated.<\/p>\n<p>Tech consultants like Akash Takyar suggest turning to blockchain and creating a news platform based on this technology. For instance, tracking the news source by assigning a unique QR code to each article or video is one way to do it. The Decentralized News Network <a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithandcrown.com\/sale\/decentralized-news-network-dnn\/\">came<\/a> the closest to implementing this approach, but its token-based reader funding model leaves a lot to be desired, as in the era of free news, only the most well-known media companies can make readers actually pay to read their articles.<\/p>\n<p>Truepic is another blockchain startup with tech that could be used to tackle deep fakes. The company has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/s\/612357\/deepfake-busting-apps-can-spot-even-a-single-pixel-out-of-place\/\">developed<\/a> a smartphone camera app that verifies the integrity of an image by checking, for instance, that the camera\u2019s coordinates and time zone are in line with those of surrounding Wi-Fi networks. In other words, it confirms that the photo was taken where and when the author says it was. After that, the image or video is stored onto a blockchain network, and if it ever goes viral, it can always be compared against the original. Truepic plans to work with mobile producers to make its tech an industry standard, and in that scenario, only pictures that match with those in the company&#8217;s blockchain database could get a \u2018check-mark\u2019 on social media, ensuring they\u2019re not fake.<\/p>\n<h2>Just how far is far enough?<\/h2>\n<p>We believe that astronauts set foot on the moon in 1969 and that a man bravely stood in front of tanks at Tiananmen Square in 1989 because of irrefutable video proof. But advances in technology and the creation of AI-powered deep fakes threaten to change our trust in audio and video forever. Fighting this menace, however, is a complex undertaking that requires coordinated efforts from tech companies, governments, and citizens.<\/p>\n<p>Will artificial intelligence or blockchain prevail over deep fakes? Are private companies better at handling the challenge than public institutions like the Pentagon? There are no definite answers, but what\u2019s sure is that the future looks even more terrifying, as full-body deep fakes increasingly appear to be the next stage of the problem. Technology can be used as a force for good, but it can also serve nefarious goals, and one can\u2019t help but wonder whether humans are engineering their own downfall.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Social media is fuelling the spread of fake news The rise of deep fakes A looming threat to individuals and businesses Democracy and facts under siege Solving the problem is harder than we thought Tech companies are fighting back Just how far is far enough? Fake news took the world by storm in the last [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":51519,"parent":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2870],"tags":[4501,4502,4338],"article-type":[],"trends":[],"class_list":["post-58077","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-general","tag-fake","tag-news","tag-security"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Deep fakes are fake news on steroids, and we\u2019re unsure how to fight them - Richard van Hooijdonk Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Deep fakes are a new trend threatening to destabilise our society. 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